Abbreviations in Russian criminal tattoos (list)

How to say Maple in European Languages

The Language	How to say maple
Albanian	panje	[edit]
English	maple	[edit]
Basque	astigarrak	[edit]
Belarusian	maple	[edit]
Bulgarian	maple	[edit]
Bosnian	javor	[edit]
Welsh	masarn	[edit]
Hungarian	juharfa	[edit]
Galician	bordo	[edit]
Dutch	esdoorn	[edit]
Greek	σφεντάμι	[edit]
Danish	ahorn	[edit]
Yiddish	נעצבוים	[edit]
Irish	Maple	[edit]
Icelandic	hlynur	[edit]
Spanish	arce	[edit]
Italian	acero	[edit]
Catalan	auró	[edit]
Latvian	kļava	[edit]
Lithuanian	klevas	[edit]
Macedonian	javor	[edit]
Maltese	aġġru	[edit]
German	Ahorn	[edit]
Norwegian	lønn	[edit]
Polish	klon	[edit]
Portuguese	bordo	[edit]
Romanian	arțar	[edit]
Serbian	јavor	[edit]
Slovak	javor	[edit]
Slovene	javor	[edit]
Ukrainian	maple	[edit]
Finnish	vaahtera	[edit]
French	érable	[edit]
Croatian	javor	[edit]
Czech	javor	[edit]
Swedish	lönn	[edit]
Estonian	vaher	[edit]

How to say Maple in Asian Languages

Language	How to say maple
Azerbaijani	qayınağacı	[edit]
Armenian	թխկի	[edit]
Bengali	বৃক্ষবিশেষ	[edit]
Burmese	မေပ𐅚်	[edit]
Vietnamese	cây phong	[edit]
Georgian	ნეკერჩხალი	[edit]
Gujarati	મેપલ	[edit]
Kazakh	үеңкi	[edit]
Kannada	ಮೇಪಲ್	[edit]
Chinese (Traditional)	[edit]
Chinese (Simplified)	[edit]
Korean	단풍 나무	[edit]
Khmer	ដើមម៉េផល	[edit]
Laotian	maple	[edit]
Malayalam	മേപ്പിൾ	[edit]
Marathi	मॅपल	[edit]
Mongolian	agch	[edit]
Nepali	मेपल	[edit]
Sinhalese	මේපල්	[edit]
Tajik	Mahmudabad	[edit]
Thai	ต้นเมเปิล	[edit]
Tamil	பனை	[edit]
Telugu	మాపుల్	[edit]
Turkish	akçaağaç	[edit]
Uzbek	zarang	[edit]
Urdu	میپل	[edit]
Hindi	मेपल	[edit]
Hmong	maple	[edit]
Japanese	メープル	[edit]

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Green Man Community.

Acer, Maple. Trees and shrubs with opposite opposite buds and simple, usually palpate-lobed or entire-edged or pinnate leaves without leaflets. Flowers are ovipotent or unisexual (owing to underdevelopment of pistils or stamens). Fruits are winglets with an elongated wing. Flowers are in panicles or shields.

Etymology

The name is formed from the Latin acer - "sharp", by the shape of the leaves with sharp lobes.

Maple species and varieties

The genus has about 150 species, distributed in North America, Asia, Europe and North Africa, mostly in temperate areas. In our country there are 16 species. About 40 species are used in ornamental horticulture.

Maple species and varieties

Acer platanoid maple (Acer platanoides)

Native to European part of Russia and the Caucasus.

Acerleaf Maple reaches a height of 30 m, the bark is cracked, initially dark-gray, later blackening. Blossoms in mid-May, simultaneously with the foliage.

The species is soil-demanding, does not tolerate stagnant moisture and salinization, is wind-resistant.

USDA zone 3 (4).

Sharp-leaved maple, or sycamore maple, Acer platanoides

Ornamental forms and varieties of maple:

'Albescens' - large deciduous tree with wide-oval crown, young leaves creamy-white, adults green;

'Bicolor' - young leaves are light yellow with cream strokes, later they turn pink;

‘Cleveland .

' - features a compact crown shape, leaves are light red when unfurling, then bright green, autumn coloring - yellow-orange;

'Columnare'

- Up to 10 m tall, column-shaped crowns, slow growing. Leaves are red when blooming, later dark green;

The sycamore maple Crimson Sentry or Crimson Sentry is a slender tree, up to 7-8 m high with dark red leaves

'Crimson King' - leaves purple throughout the season;

'Drummondii' - tree up to 5 m high, with a broad creamy border on the leaves;

'Emerald Queen'.

- It can grow up to 12-15 m tall and has oval-shaped crowns and leaves that turn light red when they open, then turn dark green and light yellow in autumn;

'Faassen's Black' - young leaves are light red, adults are dark purple (almost black);

'Fairview'

- The variety is distinguished by its pyramidal crown shape and dark green leaves;

'Farlakes Green'.

- The variety is distinguished by its broadly pyramidal crown and bright yellow autumn and dark green summer leaves;

'Fassen's Black'.

- The variety is distinguished by its regular broad-pyramidal crown and large red-brown leaves;

'Globosum'.

- variety features a dense, spherical crown shape;

'Maculatum' is a low tree, young leaves with small white and pink strokes;

Sharp-leaved maple or sycamore variety 'Royal Red' is characterized by large bright red leaves during the growing season

'Schwedleri'.

- The variety is characterized by shiny red young leaves that change color from bronze-green in summer to orange-copper in fall;

'Variegatum' - young leaves with pink strokes, then they turn white.

Flowering of the maple

Field maple, or paclain (Acer campestre)

Native to the forest-steppes of the European part of Russia, the Crimea and the Caucasus.

A tree or shrub up to 15 m tall with a dense, spreading, tent-like crown. Its bark is light gray; shoots and buds are pubescent; leaves are smaller than those of Norway maple.

Field maple is shade-tolerant and drought-resistant. It is preferably planted in places protected from the wind. It is inferior to big-leaved maple in hardiness. It tolerates pruning better than other maples.

USDA Zone 3 (4).

Field maple, or paclain, Acer campestre

Popular varieties of field maple:

'Albovariegatum' - Generally a shrub, about 5 m tall with mottled white leaves, yellow in the fall;

'Carnival' - young leaves with a wide pink border, then the border turns white;

'Elsrijk' - a tree, up to 8 m high with a compact conical crown and small leaves;

'Red Shine' - a tree up to 5 m tall with purple leaves;

'Postelense' - a small tree with wide and low crown, bark brownish with longitudinal cracks, leaves are golden yellow at first, then green, yellow in autumn;

'Pulverulentum' - young leaves creamy, adult leaves with many white spots.

Mono maple, or small-leaved maple (Acer mono).

A Far Eastern species.

A tree up to 15-20 m tall with a dense and low crown; leaves are smaller than those of Norway maple. Young branches are yellowish-gray, older ones are brown. Leaves are five-lobed, small, dense. Flowers are light yellow (May), gathered in a paniculate inflorescence. Fruits ripen in August. Autumn foliage coloration is bright, yellow, orange and red tones.

The popular 'Marmoratum' variety is a short tree with a rounded crown, bark gray, leaves with white spots of varying sizes, yellow in the fall.

USDA Zone 4.

Mono maple, or small-leaved maple, Acer mono

Red maple, scarlet maple, or swamp maple (Acer rubrum)

A fast-growing deciduous tree with a sprawling, tent-like crown, up to 15-20 m tall in a crop, in the wild up to 30-40 m. Bark dark gray, young shoots reddish. Leaves are five-lobed, reddish when opening, becoming deep green from above and whitish from below during the summer. In the fall, the leaves are bright orange.

Red maple is fairly hardy and undemanding to soil conditions. It grows well in city conditions, on unconsolidated soils. It is not affected by powdery mildew.

Ornamental varieties of red maple or swamp maple:

'Armstrong' is characterized by its column-like crown shape and finer foliage;

'Bowhall' - the variety is characterized by its narrow pyramidal crown shape and bright orange foliage in autumn;

'Brandywine' - the variety is characterized by rich, up to purple, bright color of leaves in autumn;

'Karpik' - the variety is distinguished by its regular column-shaped crown shape and a grayish color of the leaves;

'Northwood' - the variety is characterized by very bright autumn coloring of the leaves - red and orange;

'Autumn Flame' - the variety is characterized by bright red fall foliage;

'Red Sunset' - the variety is distinguished by its pyramidal crown shape and large purple autumn leaves.

USDA Zone 4.

Ginnala maple, or riverside maple (Acer ginnala)

Native to the forests of the Far East.

Shrub or tree 2 to 5-7 m tall. Its bark is brown. Leaves are oblong, trilobate, pinkish when opening, dark green when grown, bright red or orange in autumn. Flowers yellowish, fragrant. Fruits are winglets, bright pink before ripening.The species is light-loving and frost-resistant.

The 'Flame' variety has unusually beautiful autumn leaves, while the 'Durand Dwarf' variety is only 50-60 cm tall, with small leaves and very bright autumn coloring.

USDA Zone 3.

Ginnala maple, or riverside maple, Acer ginnala

Maple lantern-shaped, or fan maple (Acer palmatum)

A shrub or small tree up to 8 m tall, with a rounded or umbrella-shaped crown. Leaves of this maple are strongly dissected lobed, naked, up to 12 cm in diameter, very decorative: red during flowering, green in summer, purple in autumn.

It grows slowly, is demanding of soil and moisture, suffers from dry air, is quite thermophilic, regularly freezes, sometimes to the level of snow. Prefers fertile, humus-rich, well-drained acidic or neutral soils. Can be grown in container culture with winter storage at lower positive temperatures.

USDA Zone 6 (7)

The fan maple variety 'Butterfly' is a low-growing variety with small, gray-green leaves with a white or pink border around the edge of the leaves. It can be used for winter sheltering.

Popular varieties of sycamore maple:

'Aureum' - shrub up to 1 m tall, young leaves are light yellow with a reddish edge, yellow-green in summer, yellow in fall;

'Atropurpureum' - about 2 m tall with strongly disseminated, dark purple throughout the season;

'Dissectum' - a group of varieties with leaves divided to the base into pinnately divided lobes: 'Dissectum Flavescens' - leaves yellowish-green in summer and yellow in autumn;

'Deshojo' - the maple is characterized by crimson-red coloring of young leaves, later they become light green;

'Okushimo' - the variety is characterized by green leaves;

'Ornatum' - the variety differs in the coloring of the leaf plate red-brown - green-brown - fiery scarlet depending on the time of year spring - summer - autumn.

Sugar maple, or silver maple (Acer saccharinum)

A large North American tree with a tent-like, spreading crown in nature up to 40 m, in culture up to 25 m tall. Its bark is light gray. Leaves five-lobed, largely rugged, bright green, silvery white underneath, light yellow or pinkish orange in fall. Flowers are greenish yellow (April), fruits ripen early.

Grows quickly, tolerant of shade, pretty undemanding to the soil.

Native sap of sugar maple and sugar maple is used for industrial production of maple sugar.

USDA Zone 3 (4).

Sugar maple, or silver maple, Acer saccharinum

Popular sugar maple varieties:

'Aureo-variegatum' - a deciduous tree with a broad spreading crown; leaves are silvery underneath and yellow strokes on top, with an orange tint when unfurling;

'Citreo-variegatum' - young leaves are yellow-green;

'Vagneri' - low-growing variety, leaves small, with a small white border;

'Hance's Variegated' - leaves with creamy white strokes.

Manchurian maple (Acer mandshuricum)

A slender tree up to 20 meters tall. The crown is tracery, usually high up. The bark is gray, young shoots are red-brown and naked. Leaves are dark green, compound, ternate with reddish petioles. Flowers are greenish-yellow, clustered in corymb-like inflorescences. Leaves are often reddish along veins and along edges in summer; leaves are deep red in fall. Blossoms in May and bears fruit in September.

The species tolerates some shade, but develops better in sunny sites. Fertile soil is preferred, the species is winter-hardy.

USDA Zone 4

Manchurian maple in fall

Tartar maple, nigella, or nectar maple (Acer tataricum).

A shrub or tree with a spreading crown, up to 9 m in height. The bark is smooth, almost black. The trunk is gracefully curved. Leaves are entire, up to 10 cm long, dark green in summer, yellow or red in autumn. Flowers are white, clustered in dense panicles. Fruits are winglets, long preserved on the tree and red in summer.

Tatar maple is winter-hardy, drought-resistant and undemanding to soil conditions. It tolerates pruning well.

USDA Zone 3

Tartar maple or niggard maple

Tartar maple blooms

Greenbark maple (Acer tegmentosum)

This species grows in the far eastern taiga forests, China and Korea. It was introduced into culture in 1892.

A tall shrub or tree in the wild, up to 15 m tall. The bark is smooth green with longitudinal whitish streaks. Leaves up to 17 cm long, yellow in autumn. Blossoms in the second decade of May. Flowering and fruiting begins at the age of 9 years.

Greenbark maple grows rather quickly, prefers sunny places, but also tolerates a little shade. It does not need pruning. Frost-resistant.

Greenbark maple

Greenbark maple blooming

European maple or American maple (Acer negundo).

It is native to North America. This North American species successfully adapted to the climatic conditions of Russia.

A tree up to 20 m tall, often multi-branched, with a broad spreading crown. The bark is light brown. Bark on young shoots is covered with a glaucous waxy bloom. Leaves are compound, consisting of 3-5 leaflets. Blossoms in May; fruits ripen in September.

The species is exceptionally unpretentious, loving of light and undemanding of soils. Propagates well by self-seeding and grows quickly when young, weedy.

USDA Zone 3.

Popular ash maple forms and varieties:

'Auratum' - tree up to 7-10 m tall, crown spreading, young leaves bronze, later lemon-yellow;

'Elegans' - up to 5 m, young leaves with bright yellow fringe, adults - with white;

Flamingo or Flamingo ash maple, up to 5 m tall, leaves with white and pink patterns

'Aureo-Variegatum' - the variety is distinguished by the color of the leaves: dark green with golden-yellow spots, light-loving;

'Odessanum' - at blooming the leaves are bronze in color, later they become bright, golden yellow;

'Variegatum' - leaves are pink when opening, then with white borders or random strokes.

Pennsylvanian maple or striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum)

Tree up to 12 m tall, bark is smooth, dark green with longitudinal whitish-green stripes. Grows slowly. The Pennsylvanian maple is a shade-tolerant species, requiring little soil and frost-resistant.

Curly maple (Acer circinatum)

Native to an area along the Pacific coast of North America.

A small tree with spreading shoots, more often growing bushy. Leaves are rounded in shape, with 7-9 lobes, each with a serrated edge. Leaves reach 6-12 cm in diameter. Blossoms in the first half of May. Flowers are red, aggregated in drooping tassels.

Frost-resistant, annual shoots may freeze.

Curly maple varieties:

'Little Gem' is a dwarf variety with a rounded crown. Leaves are small, with a reddish tint when blooming, red and orange in autumn;

'Monroe' - branches purple, leaves split to the base into broad, coarse-toothed lobes, orange-yellow in autumn;

'Pacific Fire' - branches bright red, leaves yellow in fall.

False-Zybold maple (Acer pseudosieboldianum)

Native to the Far East.

A small tree not more than 8 m tall with a dense globular crown. Blossoms in mid-May. Leaves fan-shaped, not large, nine-lobed. They are light green in summer and yellow, pink and red in autumn.

The hardiness is high, but annual shoots may freeze in severe winters.

Naked maple (Acer glabrum).

A small tree or shrub several meters tall. Young branches are dark reddish-brown, turning grey later. Leaves up to 5-6 cm long, 3-lobed, on red stalks, dark green above, glaucous below, yellow in fall. Flowers are greenish-yellow. Immature fruits are red.

Yellow maple (Acer ucurunduense).

Small tree or shrub up to 8 m tall with a narrow crown. Leaves up to 14 cm wide, with 5-7 lobes, the lobes oval, long pointed, with coarse teeth. Leaves are dark green, orange to red in fall. Blossoms after leaves bloom. The small flowers are clustered in long, narrow, protruding tassels up to 15 cm long. The wings of the fruits are compressed.

Maple care

Maples are soil-demanding (acting as soil-improving species). Drainage is required on waterlogged soils and when groundwater is close. Soil mixture for maples requiring fertile soils includes humus, sod soil and sand (3:2:1), for less demanding ones, leaf soil, peat and sand (2:2:1) will do.

Maples are relatively shade-tolerant, wind-resistant. They grow slowly, many species are drought-resistant, but in hot weather maples need to be watered.

Dry branches and one-year shoots damaged by frost should be cut out.

Most species overwinter without covering, but some species, such as the loblolly, are heat-loving and need to be covered for the winter in the middle belt of Russia.

False sycamore maple

Maple propagation

Maples are propagated by sowing, ornamental forms by grafting.

False sycamore maple Simon-Louis Fréres or Simon-Louis Fréres is a tree up to 20 m tall with a dense crown. The variety is close to the famous Leopoldi variety. Leaves are creamy when blooming, then light green with a creamy white and green pattern; mature leaves are even more contrasting.

How to say Maple in African Tongues

Language	How to say maple
Afrikaans	maple	[edit]
Zulu	Maple	[edit]
Igbo	maple	[edit]
Yoruba	Maple	[edit]
Sesotho	maple leaf	[edit]
Somali	Maple	[edit]
Swahili	maple	[right]
Hausa	Maple	[edit]
Cheva	mapulo	[ruling].

American maple. Why is it called the killer tree?

We're talking about maple ash.. It's most commonly referred to the American maple.And this is no accident, because it comes from North America. In the XVII century this "guest" was deliberately brought to Europe, and in Russia it appeared in 1796. In the XIX century it was bred from seeds brought from distant Canada, and already in the 20s of XX century this plant settled down and began to multiply by self-sowing.

So why do experts call it a killer tree? There are many reasons.

Long out of parks and squares, it aggressively displaces native plant species. For its speed of growth - up to 2 meters per season! - has received another name - "native bamboo". The unsightly trunk is surrounded by a large number of offshoots. Growing, this maple forms multi-level thickets, in which there is simply no room for other plant species.

The weed reproduces quickly, because it enters the stage of fertilization in 6-7 years, much faster than its fellows, so the change of generations in it occurs more often. It is very hardy, and now it can be found even in Yakutsk and Verkhoyansk. It is difficult to fight it: a few new ones appear right away in place of the sawn trunk.

Ash maple stump growth (current year's growth, June) Photo: Elrond1 2eleven, ru.wikipedia.org

In floodplain forests, American maple completely displaces willows and poplars, and growing along the banks contributes to their siltation.

And this is not its only disadvantage. In late April and early May, many allergic people suffer from seasonal irritants. In all likelihood, it is a reaction to American maple pollen, because it is a very strong allergen.

But even this is not the main weapon of the "killer". The plant contains a carcinogen - when rubbing the leaves and when freshly sawing, you can feel a specific smell. It can be poisonous to animals.

But the worst thing for the city is its ability to oxidize traffic exhaust to more poisonous!

But that's not all! Following the harmful plant came its companion, the American white butterfly, whose colonies are capable of completely destroying the forest in a very short time.

The caterpillars of the American white butterfly of the fourth instar live in colonies, forming large webbed nests, often braiding whole trees with their webs Photo: Eric Vadillo, ru.wikipedia.org

A few years ago I first saw trees completely wrapped in spider webs. Large spider's nests braided the entire tree. It turned out that it was the caterpillars of the fourth instar of the white American butterfly that were forming their colonies. After such an attack, all the trees died.

The American maple also turned out to be superfluous for farming: wet wood makes bad firewood, and its loose structure makes it unsuitable for processing. The only plus is the small ash residue during combustion.

Over the years of the "development of Russia" American maple has matured and adapted to all natural conditions. It can be found in both hot and frosty climates. It grows on vacant lots, construction sites, it needs very little soil, so it sometimes turns green even on roofs, turns abandoned houses into thickets. Unsightly, with an uneven crown and a crooked trunk surrounded by shoots, it has become a real invader.

• In our country it ranks first among the 50 species of introduced plants that threaten biodiversity.

Photo: Vladimir_Fayl, pixabay.com
The only way to fight - ruthless destruction of the aggressor, but, according to the CAO RF, a fine may be imposed for its cutting.

Tags: American maple, weeds, noxious plants

How to say Maple in Austronesian Languages

Language	How to say maple
Indonesian	maple	[edit]
Malagasy	Maple	[edit]
Malay	maple	[edit]
Maori	pereni	[edit]
Cebuano	Maple	[right]
Philippine	punungkahoy ng mepl	[edit]
Javanese	Maple	[edit]

The meaning of the word maple is.

- 1) Botanically, see Acer. 2). In Russian forestry the following species are worthy of attention: native species - Acer spiky-leaved or common K., Maple (Malorossia), Acer platanoides L. - is found even in St. Petersburg, Novgorod, Yaroslavl and Kazan provinces, but has economic value only in provinces lying to the south of Moscow province [On the borders of natural distribution of birch maple in Russia, cf. article of V.T. Sobichevsky in "Yearbook of Spp. (I, 1886)]; field K., paklen, paklina (Little Russia), chernoklen (Mogilev and Voronezh provinces), dzhugastro (Moldavian name in the south of Podolsk province), A. campestre L., A. austriacum Trauttv. - A. campestre L., A. austriacum Trauttv. similar in this respect to C. ostrifolium and C. tataricum, Neklen, Packlen (Little Russia), Chernoklen (Kursk, Kiev and Ekaterinoslav provinces), Limok (Tambov province), Krasnoserezhnik - mainly grow in the southwestern and eastern provinces, reaching in the latter the Malmyzhsky uyezd of Vyatka gubernia. White C. or yavor (A. pseudoplatanus L.) grows only, in small numbers, in the southern and southwestern provinces and in the Caucasus, where it reaches up to 100 ft. high and 3-4 ft. thick; it often mixes, in the latter area, with Caucasian mountain C. (A. trautvetteri Medw.), which has a more extensive distribution range there. All C. prefer fresh, mulch-rich soil and do not need especially its depth (field C. is less demanding than others), rising in the mountains in the Caucasus - javorn to a height of 4,000 feet (but highland to 8,000 feet), field to 5,500 feet, and spikenard to 6,000 feet. Seed years are quite frequent. In artificial breeding it is necessary to distinguish the seeds by species: in sharply-leaved K. the winglets are fused at a right or obtuse angle and the seed is flat; in Yavor and Tatar K. the winglets are at an acute angle and the seed in the first is convex, spherical, in the second is flat and, finally, in the field K. the winglets are fused in a straight line. Sprouts, if naturally sown, appear in spring, but in the case of spring sowing, it usually takes a year. Growth in the first year is slow, but then it increases. From the age of 20-30, trunk development slows down and the formation of apex and branches begins. Likewise, the initial development of the tap root passes later on into increased formation of lateral roots. Fruiting begins at the age of 25-50 years, and the shoot-forming ability of a stump is maintained in low-tree trees up to 40-50 years, and in high-tree trees of Acerophyllum and Norway, up to 60-80 years. As a light-loving tree species, C. needs full sun illumination of its apex for proper development. During artificial reforestation and afforestation, only planting of 2-3-year-old seedlings is used. Maples are relatively little sensitive to extremes of heat and cold.

Little suffers K. from insects and parasitic fungi; of the former, damage: roots - various species of Melolontha; wood - Zeuzera aesculi, Callidium insubricum, Cossus ligniperda, Ptilinus pectinicornis, Xyleborus dispar, Xyloterus domesticus, Anobium tesselatum and Hylecoetus dermestoides ; leaves - Melolontha, Acronycta aceris, Dasychira pudibunda, Ocneria monacha, Porthesia chrysorrhoea and Lytta vesicatoria; between the latter, Coercospora acerinum is especially dangerous for seedlings in nurseries. In addition, young trees, mainly of C. acerifolia, are severely damaged in our steppe plantings by hares, which often causes blackening or rotting of the inner part of the trunk - "false heart".

The wood of K. white color, is characterized by uniform density, hardness and difficulty of splitting, is used in carpentry, lathe and carriage skills and goes for the preparation of combs for combing flax ["Blades" for combs are mainly procured in the Tula region, Mogilev and Minsk provinces (annually up to half a million) and others. ], combs, tool handles, axes (mostly Tatar maple), billiard cues, shoe pegs and nails, wooden wind instruments - clarinets, flutes, oboes, etc. As a fuel it is not much inferior to beech, and ash - "maple" - is an excellent material for making potash.

In addition to the above-mentioned species of C., quite common in Transcaucasia: beautiful C. (A. laetum S. A. Meu, A. Lobelli Ten., A. colchicum hort.) - mainly characteristic of mountainous areas (up to a height of 5500 feet); three-lobed C. (A. monpessulanum L., A. trilobatum Lam. etc.), occurring in the eastern part of Transcaucasia up to heights of 5000 ft. on dry stony slopes and very suitable for afforestation of such areas; C. cranifolium (A. opulifolium Vill, A. opalus Ait., A. italicum Lauth. var. etc.), which grows only in the Talysh mountains at 4,000-6,000 feet, and Hyrcanum maple (A. hyrcanum F. et Meu), in Talysh, along the Trialet Range to an altitude of 4,800 feet. Outside the forest the C. tataricum is bred to form very good hedges, and the sharply-leaved and javorn - as alley and park trees; for the latter purpose the varieties often serve: A. platanoides - Schwedleri, dissect u m, palmatum, purpureum, tricolor, etc. and A. pseudoplatanus - Leopoldii and Woorley, and also the bush Amur species - Ussuri C. (A. Ginnala Maxim, A. tataricum L. var. Ginnala Maxim. vel var. laciniatum Rgl.), extremely hardy, successfully growing in St. Petersburg, and various American species, of which the following are especially remarkable: virgin or ash-leaved C. (A. Negundo L, A. fraxinifolium Nutt.), successfully growing in our southern provinces and proving suitable for steppe forestry, although its timber is not of high technical quality, and sugar K. (A. Saccharinum Wangh., A. barbatum Mich., A. Saccharum Marsch.) - very common not only in forests, but also in estates in the United States and Canada and quite successfully bred in Prussia. The latter species delivers not only fine, very valuable wood [In the trade two varieties of wood are distinguished: a) Curled sugar K. (curled nard maple) with a swirling flowing arrangement of fibers, which makes it have a magnificent play of light and shadow. By its density it often replaces boxwood in America in the manufacture of engraving boards; and b) bird-eyed K. (Bird's eye maple) with irregularly arranged and strongly intertwined, in older trees, fibers and small dimples in the part of the wood adjacent to the bark. The latter variety is often cut by planers into thin plywood sheets used in place of wallpaper. If the wood of sugar K. is moistened with a solution of iron sulfate, it becomes greenish, while in other K. it will then be dark blue. ], but also a very important by-product of pruning - sugar is extracted from its sap [Also, sugar is extracted: in the northeastern states of the Union and in Canada from the sap of A. rubrum; in the western states from A. dasycarpum Ehrh.; along the Pacific coast, from A. m acrophyllum Pursh. and A. circinatum Pursh., and in Iowa and some other western states, even from the sap of A. Negundo (F. N. S. Nesterov, "Sugar K. and Maple Sugar Production in North America" ("Forest Journal," 1894, vol. VI and 1895, vol. I, and 1890, vol. 5)]. Pruning begins at the age of 30 years (when trunks are 3-5 inches thick) and is repeated annually up to 150-200 years, without noticeable effect on the development of trees and their timber quality. It consists in drilling in early spring in each trunk, at a height of 50-70 cm, a slightly oblique channel, 5-15 cm long and 1½ cm wide, into which a tightly fitted zinc tube is inserted, ending outside with a hook for hanging a zinc mug or bucket; the sap accumulating in the latter is poured, at least twice a day, into special closed tubs, from where it is taken for evaporation in flat boilers at the factory. The amount of sap flowing from a tree and the percentage of sugar in it depend on the terrain and soil where the pruned trees grow and the weather conditions: dry southern and eastern mountain slopes, rocky soil rich in lime, as well as sandy upland soil, growing on the edge of the forest or with full access to light and air, the severity and dryness of winter, the abrupt change of weather in spring, during the sap flow, and the warm winds blowing then from the west and southwest have a favorable influence in this respect. It is also noticed that the percentage of sugar in the sap increases with the repetition of pruning and the importance of the individuality of trees: some trees turn out to be particularly "sweet". Smooth bark on the trunk of a mature tree indicates its strong growth and serves as a sign of abundant sap content; seed trees deserve preference over coppiced trees. On average, the sap lasts about 30 days, but in some years it is reduced to 8 days, while in other years, on the contrary, it lasts up to 45 days. How much the quantity of sap and its sugar content change, even in the same trees, is shown by the following data, referring to 61 trees in the state of New York (the estate of F. W. Huga): during eight years (1877-1884) an average of 19.1 gallons (7.05 buckets) of sap, or 4.77 pounds of sugar, was obtained from a tree, but in individual years these figures varied between 6.7 (1883) and 25.3 (1881) gallons and 1.68 and 6.31 pounds. The percentage of sugar in the sap of K. at the beginning of the coppice increases and soon, having reached its maximum, begins, though slowly, to decrease, so that at the end of coppice it is much less than at the beginning, but in general it varies in different trees between 2% and 5% (in the sap of the coppice [according to Schroeder] 2-3%). The annual production of maple sugar in the United States and Canada reaches over 20,000,000 poods, worth about 10,000,000 rubles.

В. Sobichevsky.