Modern art gives a special place to Arabic tattoos. Mysterious symbols and fluid inscriptions in ligature make a fascinating impression. There have been tattooing traditions in the Far East for centuries, but the art remains underdeveloped.
The Muslim religion is an opponent of body painting, so Arabic designs are rare. Such tattoos are not just an aesthetic element, they carry a magical meaning. In ancient times, the Arabs applied symbols that had a therapeutic nature.
The essence of Arabic lettering
The characteristic features of Arabic lettering:
- Left-handedness - writing traditionally goes from right to left.
- Many superscript and also subscript dots - diacritics, which were created to recognize weakly distinguishable letters and to create new characters.
- Italic type of writing, absence of "positions" and capital letters. And italics (fusion) is not consistent: some Arabic characters are connected to the rest either exclusively on the left or exclusively on the right.
- Allography - a change in the appearance of the letters. It depends on their position in a word - at the end, in the middle, at the beginning or separately.
The modern Arabic alphabet consists of twenty-eight consonant and semi-vowel letters, as well as diacritical marks in the form of superscript or subscript dots, circles, dashes, built into the alphabet system after the adoption of Islam either to distinguish some consonant letters and sounds, or to indicate vowels in order to convey the text of the Holy Quran more precisely.
Identification of consonants
There are 28 letters in the Arabic alphabet, each indicating one consonantal sound, except for the letter called "alif".
The spelling of letters can vary - when studying the rules of spelling it is necessary to take into account that it depends on how the letters are arranged inside the word and the position of the letter at the beginning, at the end and in the middle is considered from the point of view that words in Arabic script are written from right to left.
In Arabic script all letters inside a word are written together but this does not apply to the letters that are not joined to the next letter in the script. There are six such letters: "alif", "ra", "dal", "zayn", "zal" and "waw".
The letter "alif" is a letter that does not indicate a consonantal sound. It may denote both a long vowel "ā" and an auxiliary orthographic sign that has no sound expression of its own - the choice of the correct spelling will depend on the context.
Historically the letters of the Arabic alphabet were originally arranged in the same order as in the Phoenician alphabet that became the basis of the language. The same letters that the Phoenician alphabet did not have were put at the very end of the Arabic alphabet. This order is called "abjad" - the name comes from the names of the first four letters: alif-ba-jim-dal.
You might also be interested in Arabic courses for beginners and those who already know the basics of Arabic grammar.
The history of the Arabic alphabet.
It is considered in science that the Arabic script originated on the basis of Nabatean script (fourth century B.C. - first century. The Arabic alphabet, however, should not be discarded, as well as the ancient tradition of Syriac writing and the stylistic affinity of the letters from the holy book "Avesta".
Thus, the Arabic script predates the emergence of such a world religion as Islam. In the Soviet Union writing system based on Arabic script was prohibited in 1928 by the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars and the authors of modernized Arabic script were repressed. An interesting fact is that nowhere except in the Tatar SSR, the replacement of the Arabic script (alifbi
) with Latin letters (
yanalif
) did not cause much resistance. According to the statistics about 7% of the world population use Arabic hieroglyphs.
Arabic writing in other world languages
The Arabic alphabet has long since spread to other world languages as the religion of Islam spread around the world. As Islam spread in the world, the Arabic language and alphabet began to be accepted as an integral part of Islam, and not only Arabs but many Islamic countries began to use the Arabic alphabet in their writing. These countries included those that had previously used other writing systems.
If in certain parts of the world a state adopted a new language, the Muslim population sought to preserve the Arabic alphabet.
In today's world Arabic script is used in many countries of the world in the publication of religious Islamic literature - in Malaysia and Indonesia.
In the modern world there are a number of languages that use the Arabic alphabet and their writing is based on it. Such languages include Fula, Punjabi, Urdu, Dari, Sindhi, Pashto, Hausa, Kashmiri, Kurdish and Uighur languages in some countries. The Arabic alphabet is used to record the Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Turkmen, Uzbek, and Tatar languages.
Arabic: its world importance
Arabic (Arabic variant اللغة العربية, reads "al-luġa al-ʿarabiya") is a language of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family. The number of speakers of this language and its dialects is about three hundred million (as a first language), and about fifty million more people use Arabic as a second language for communication. Classical Arabic, the language of the Holy Koran, is constantly used in religious processions and prayers by Muslims all over the world (the total number of Muslims is about one and a half billion). From ancient times it has stood out for its considerable dialectal branching and diversity.
Additional signs in the Arabic language
Twenty-eight letters of the Arabic alphabet are called "Khuruf". In addition to these twenty-eight signs, three additional signs, which are not independent letters, are also used in Arabic script.
These are signs such as:
1) The diacritical mark hamza - ء is used in writing to convey a consonantal sound - guttural bowing. It reads like this:
Hamza can be written as a stand-alone character, but is more often written on a stand letter, which include "wav" (و), "alif" (ا) and "ya" (ى), in combination with hamza, the letter ya as a stand letter is written without diacritical dots at the bottom. The spelling of hamza depends on the context and conforms to certain spelling rules, but hamza always, whatever its spelling, denotes the same sound.
2) ta-marabuta, which in Russian means "tied ta" is a form of the letter "ta" that is placed only at the end of a word after the fatha voicing. If, however, this sign does not have voicing (it can be at the end of a phrase), then it reads as the letter "ha". In its usual form, the letter "ta" is called "ta-maftuha", which means "open ta" in Arabic.
3) alif-maksura, which can be translated into Russian as "shortened alif" is a form of the letter "alif" that is written only at the end of words, it is shortened to a short "a" in the position before the prefix "al-" in the next word. "Alif" in its usual form is called "alif mamduda," which means "elongated alif" in Russian.
There are many local variants of the Arabic language, and most of them use their own additional signs in addition to the main ones.
Arabic dialects
Modern colloquial Arabic is divided into five dialectal subgroups, which are essentially separate languages from a philological point of view:
- Maghreb variants of dialects.
- Sudanese-Egyptian dialects.
- Iraqi-Mesopotamian dialects.
- Arabian group of dialects.
- Central Asian groups of dialects.
Maghreb dialects belong to the Western group, others - to the Eastern group of Arabic dialects. Arabic dialects are official in twenty-two eastern countries, which have given it the status of an official language and use it in administrative institutions and courts.
Ligatures in the Arabic alphabet
The Arabic language has a number of ways of writing several letters together, these ways are called ligatures.
The standard one is the ligature "lam-alif" - لا. Writing these two letters together by any other means than this ligature is not allowed in Arabic. This rule applies even when the alif is accompanied by hamza or madda: (لأ لإ لآ). In the middle and at the end of the word the ligature looks like this: ﻶ (here with madda). This ligature in Russian should be read as the "La" sound. The ligature "lam-alif" is often used in Arabic writing and is even used in shahada.
Apart from this ligature "lam-alif", all other ligatures in Arabic are not obligatory and to use them or not is the will of the one who chooses a particular calligraphic style.
The Quran as the basis of the Arabic alphabet
In the Arabian myths the great Allah created the letters and gave them to Adam withholding them from the angels. The creator of the Arabic script is sometimes considered to be the prophet Mohammed, who could not write or read, or his personal assistant.
According to the Arabic linguistic tradition, the Arabic script itself was formed in G. C. Hira, the chief city of the Dahmid state, and acquires further development in the mid-seventh century, at the time of the primary recording of the Qur'an (651).
The Qur'an (translated from Arabic as قُرْآن - to read) may also be published under the names Holy Book or Good Word. It contains one hundred and fourteen unrelated chapters (surahs in Arabic). The surahs in turn are made up of ayats (verses) and are arranged in descending order of the number of ayats.
In 631 A.D., the religious-military state of the Arab Caliphate was founded, and the Arabic script gained world significance and is now dominant in the Middle East. The capital of Arabic linguistics was Iraq (the cities of Basra and Kufa).
In the seventh century, a resident of Basra, Abul Aswad al-Du'ali, introduced additional symbols into Arabic hieroglyphs to write short vowels. Around the same time period, Nasr ibn Asim and Yahya ibn-Yamara invented a system of diacritical marks to distinguish a number of similarly written graphemes.
In the eighth century a resident of Basra, al-Khalil ibn-Ahmed, improved the writing of short vowels. The Qur'an, lyrics, and educational texts are the main components of his system.
Letters with vowel sounds
A system of interlinear and superscript diacritical marks is used to distinguish short vowel sounds in Arabic writing, as well as to indicate certain other features of word pronunciation that cannot be distinguished by letters. In everyday practice, voicing is not used in texts, but if the need arises to convey the sound of a word exactly as it is done in dictionaries or in the Holy Book of Allah, the Qur'an, voicing is used:
ـــَــ fatha - when a slash is placed over a letter if there is an "a" sound after that letter;
ـــِـــ kyasra - when a slanting dash is placed below a letter if the letter is followed by the sound "i";
ـــُــ dhamma - when a superscript, resembling a small comma, is placed to indicate the "y" sound;
ـــْــ sukun, when a small circle is placed over a letter to indicate that the letter is not followed by a vowel.
The fact that the Arabic language has no means to convey vowels, and this was a natural phenomenon for Arabic writing, because vowel sounds are not part of the basis of a word in most Semitic languages, but alternate during word-formation and word-formation, in the twentieth century some Muslim countries of Central Asia, Malaysia, Turkey and Indonesia abandoned the use of the Arabic alphabet: it was superseded by other alphabets that had the ability to consistently denote vowels in writing - alphabets such as Latin or Cyrillic, which is used in Russian. Classical Arabic has no means of denoting the "p" and "g" sounds.
Arabic hieroglyphs and their meanings
The most famous examples of Arabic characters are the following words:
- الحب - love;
- راحة - comfort;
- السعادة - happiness;
- الازدهارر - well-being;
- فررح - joy (positive mood);
- الأسرة - family.
Arabic characters with translations into Russian are easy to find in academic professional dictionaries. Arabic has many original scripts (from the Arabic language خط hatṭ "line"), the most important of which are:
Arabic inscriptions with translations
If you want to make the right choice, you can get Arabic translations from Arabic study sites. The examples given are individual words and winged expressions. They are great for tattoos.
Tattoo inscriptions meaning:
- happiness in Arabic is spelled as - سعادة ;
- The expression "save and keep" is احفظ و احفظ;
- Love is not a bird kept in a cage - الجمال ليس عصفور فيقفص
- They were cunning, Allah was cunning, but Allah is the best of cunning - كانوا مكر الله الماكرة ، ولكن الله خير الماكرين
Quotes aphorisms are especially loved, Quranic quotes are at the top of this list. In second place are the expressions of famous Sufis. Connoisseurs of witty expressions prefer the works of Haji Nasreddin.
Recommended reading: Orthodox tattoos
Arabic characters with translation
Let's look at some examples of Arabic words. Arabic characters and their meaning in Russian are always given with a transcription for proper pronunciation.
| English | ||
| Englishman | ﺇﻨﺟﻟﺯﻯ | |
| Englishwoman | Anglicia | ﺇﻨﺟﻟﺯﻴﺔ |
| Yinglithera | ﺇﻨﺟﻟﺘﺮ | |
| Oranges | Burtukali | ﺒﺭﺘﻗﺎﻝ |
| Oranges (second meaning) | Burtucan | ﺒﺭﺘﻗﺎﻦ |
| Seydelia | ﺼﯿﺪﻠﯿﺔ | |
| Arabic Classical |
Variety in Arabic handwriting
The stereotype of Arabic script has been ingrained for centuries - the direction of the letters to line up, with dots written disproportionately on both parts of the line. It is believed that Arabic writing influenced the modern writing systems of shorthand and coding.
The multitude of Arabic scripts can also be explained by its specific features and dialectal variety. In the circle of Maghribian writing some scholars have found Berber-Libyan influence, in the diagonal "nasta'liq" - the legacy of Avestan script.
The very pronounced square shape of the Arabic script receives mainly in Central Asia, where the Chinese Shangfang-Dachuan square handwriting as well as the Tibetan Pakba writing system may have been familiarized with. Many writing systems influenced Arabic characters. Photographs of Arabic can be found in the article as well as in special literature.
Each culture has its own signs and symbols, established by agreement and understood only by the bearers of that culture and the interested people who study it. The most important source of Arabic symbols is the Koran and if we look more broadly Islam is the second world religion by number of followers.
Arabic alphabet with translations and explanations of the letters.
| № | name | individual writing | initial position | middle position | final position | transcription and pronunciation | |
| 1 | أَلِفٌ Alif | ا | ا | ـا | ـا | Has no sound of its own! Pronounced only in combination with the vowels: اَ - a; اِ - i; اُ - u. | |
| 2 | بَاءٌ Ba:' | ب | بـ | ـبـ | ـب | Like Russian [b]. | |
| 3 | تَاءٌ Ta:' | ت | تـ | ـتـ | ـت | Like Russian [t]. | |
| 4 | ثَاءٌ Tha:' | ث | ثـ | ـثـ | ـث | - interdental "s," similar to the pronunciation in the word think in English. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 | جِيمٌ ji:m | ج | جـ | ـجـ | ـج | [j] is a combination of the sounds "e" and "g", with the emphasis of the sound on "g", softly. | |
| 6 | حَاءٌХа:' | ح | حـ | ـحـ | ـح | [х] is a very soft sound, pronounced on an exhalation from deep in the larynx. | |
| 7 | خَاءٌÕo:' | خ | خـ | ـخـ | ـخ | [x] is a hard scrabbling sound and gives the voicing of fatha [a] an "o" sound. See the Arabic alphabet lesson on voicing. | |
| 8 | دَالٌ De:l | د | د | ـد | ـد | Like the Russian [d]. | |
| 9 | ذَالٌ The:l | ذ | ذ | ـذ | ـذ | - interdental [h], pronounced similarly to the English in the word they. | |
| 10 | رَاءٌ Ro:' | ر | ر | ـر | ـر | Like the Russian [r], but harder and more vigorous. | |
| 11 | زََايٌّ ze:yy | ز | ز | ـز | ـز | Like the Russian [z]. | |
| 12 | سِينٌ Si:n | س | سـ | ـسـ | ـس | Like Russian [s]. | |
| 13 | شِينٌ Shi:n | ش | شـ | ـشـ | ـش | Like the Russian [sh], but softer. | |
| 14 | صَادٌ Сo:d | ص | صـ | ـصـ | ـص | Hard sound [c]. The voicing of the fatha sounds o-like. | |
| 15 | ضَادٌ Дo:d | ض | ضـ | ـضـ | ـض | Solid [д], which has a double sound, similar to [e] and [z] at the same time. The voicing of the phatha sounds o-like. | |
| 16 | طَاءٌ То:' | ط | طـ | ـطـ | ـط | Hard sound [т]. The voicing of the fatha sounds o-like. | |
| 17 | ظَاءٌ Зо:' | ظ | ظـ | ـظـ | ـظ | Hard interdental sound [з]. Pronounced like ذ, but harder and more vigorous. The phatha is voiced o-like. | |
| 18 | عَيْنٌЪ | ع | عـ | ـعـ | ـع | The laryngeal sound [Ъ], has no counterpart in European or Russian languages. | |
| 19 | غَيْنٌGain | غ | غـ | ـغـ | ـغ | The laryngeal sound [GЪ]. It has no analogues in European and Russian languages. It can remotely resemble the French pronunciation of "p". | |
| 20 | فَاءٌ Fa:' | ف | فـ | ـفـ | ـف | Like Russian [f]. | |
| 21 | قَافٌ Кo:f | ق | قـ | ـقـ | ـق | Hard sound [к], the voiced phatha sounds o-like. | |
| 22 | كَافٌ Kya:f | ك | كـ | ـكـ | ـك | Like Russian [k], but more softly. | |
| 23 | لَامٌ La:m | ل | لـ | ـلـ | ـل | As in Russian [lye], softly. | |
| 24 | مِيمٌ Mi:m | م | مـ | ـمـ | ـم | Like Russian [m]. | |
| 25 | نُونٌ Nu:n | ن | نـ | ـنـ | ـن | Like the Russian sound [n]. | |
| 26 | هَاءٌ ha:' | ه | هـن | ـهـ | ـه | Very similar to the Ukrainian/Belarusian [g]. | |
| 27 | وَاوٌ Wa:w | و | و | ـو | ـو | The [w] sound is pronounced when the lips are rounded, similar to the English word white. | |
| 28 | يَاءٌ Ya:' | ي | يـ | ـيـ | ـي | Like the Russian [y], but more vigorously. |
VIDEO TOOLSOnline quizzes and spelling
Letters that are not part of the basic Alphabet and have specific writing and reading
| end position | middle position | initial position | individual writing | name | transcription and pronunciation |
| ـة | does not exist | does not exist | ة | تَاءٌ مَرْبُوطَةٌ Ta'-marbut | An auxiliary letter that is written at the end of words and in most cases is used to indicate the feminine gender of nouns and adjectives. |
| ـى | ئـ \ ـئـ In this form only with "hamza" ء | does not exist | ى | أَلِفٌ مَقْصُورَةٌ Alif-maksu:ra | Literally from Arabic, "abbreviated alif." The letter in its original form is written only at the end of words. In median writing, it can be used only as a "stand-in" for the hamza. The role of the letter in words is closely related to morphology (Arabic sarf/tasrif) in word formation. |
| ـلا | ـلا | لا | لا | لَامٌ-أَلِفٌ Lyam-Alif. | Combination of the letters Lyam and Alif following each other: ل+ا It reads differently, depending on the voicing standing with the letters, as in all other cases. |
| ء \ ؤ \ ـئ \ ـأ | ء \ ؤ \ـئ ـئ \ـأ | ثـ | ء | ثَاءٌ Tha:' | The sign, which has a dual nature - it can act as a letter, or as a sign to accompany the letters ا، و ، ى The role in reading words is reduced to the fact that it separates vowel sounds from each other (for example, as in the interrupted reading "co-ordinate"). However, the main purpose and role of the Hamza is in word formation (morphology) of the Arabic language. |
The peculiarities of the Arabic alphabet and writing.
- The system of writing of Arabic letters in contrast to the vast majority of other languages is a "ligature", where each letter is connected with the neighboring letters in the words. As we can see in Russian and European languages the letters can also be connected to each other but that is the case when the letter is handwritten, while the letters of the Arabic alphabet form a ligature in any variant of writing, both typewritten and handwritten.
- Words and sentences are written from right to left as they were originally written in Phoenician script. This often causes discomfort and confusion for those who are beginning to learn Arabic. However, don't worry too much about it: it is not difficult to get used to writing from right to left and after a month or so of learning the Arabic alphabet and practicing writing this discomfort will disappear. In fact, writing in both directions has a significant positive impact on the development of both hemispheres of the brain, so learning Arabic is beneficial!
- The Arabic alphabet consists of 28 letters (in Arabic حُرُوفٌ - "letters"), all of them consonants. Each Arabic letter stands for one consonantal sound. As for the vowel sounds, there are special signs called voxtals (in Arabic حَرَكَاتٌ). These are three signs that serve to represent the vowels "a", "i", and "u". However, Arabic is not limited to the pronunciation of the three vowels. If we listen to Arabic speech, we can hear other vowel sounds. This is due to the fact that the pronunciation of each of the three voices may vary within the range of sounds consonantal to it. Thus, the pronunciation of "a" in most cases has a sound close to "e" when pronounced simultaneously with "soft" consonants, and "o"-shaped sound when pronounced with consonants, that are pronounced hard and syllable-diphthongs with the letter وْ and the sign "sukun" (for example, in the word رَوْحٌ [rouh] - rest, peace), a pronounced "e" sound in syllables-diphthongs that have the letter يْ with the sign "sukun" (for example, in the word بَيْتٌ [beit] - home). The "and" sound can be converted to "y" when used with hard-pronounced consonants, for example, in طِفْلٌ [тyfl] is a child where the letter ط denotes a hard consonant "t". As for the voicing of "u", its sound generally remains unchanged in classical Arabic, but for completeness, it is worth mentioning that this sound may be changed to "o" in Arabic dialects.
- In addition to the basic 3 voices, there are three varieties called "tanvins" (from Arabic تَنْوِينٌ). These are essentially the same voices, but they are written double at the end of words and are used to grammatically determine case in words in the indefinite state. There are also three other signs, sukun which denotes the absence of any vowel in a letter, shaddah which denotes the doubling of a consonant, and hamza, whose role is to separate two vowel sounds from each other, as if we read "coordination" by separating two "o" vowels with a short closure of the throat, like this: "co-ordination".
Why doesn't the Arabic alphabet contain vowel letters?
The Arabic language, its alphabet and writing system in many respects repeat the predecessor languages (Aramaic, Phoenician), including the absence of vowel letters in the alphabet. Instead of letters, the vowel sounds are represented by special diacretic signs (voicing marks) which are written above and below the letters. The following table shows all of the vowel signs and some of the signs, and the letter Alif is shown as an example of their use.
| denotation | name | sound | commentary |
| اَ* | فَتْحَةٌ Fatха | [а] | vowel "a" sound, written over the letters |
| اِ | كَسْرَةٌ Kyasra | [и] | vowel "and" sound, written under the letters |
| اُ | ضَمَّةٌ Дamma | [у] | vowel "u" sound, written over the letters |
| اً | تَنْوِينُ الْفَتْحَةِ Tanvin-fatha | [an]. | Used only at the end of nouns and adjectives in the indefinite state. Tanvin-fatha and tanvin-kyasra also occur in adverbs. |
| اٍ | تَنْوِينُ الْكَسْرَةِ tanvin-kyasra | [in] | It is used only at the end of nouns and adjectives in the indefinite condition. Tanvin-fatha and tanvin-kyasra also occur in adverbs. |
| اٌ | تَنْوِينُ الضَّمَّةِ tanvin-damma | [un]. | Used only at the end of nouns and adjectives in the indefinite state. Tanvin-fatha and tanvin-kyasra also occur in adverbs. |
| اْ | سُكُونٌ Sukun | — | Indicates the absence of a vowel sound. |
| * For clarity of the location of the voices relative to the letters, a combination of voices in conjunction with Alif is shown. | |||
See the video lessons of "The Arabic Alphabet. Rules of Writing and Reading. The lessons are accompanied by tests which allow you to consolidate what you have learned and to avoid missing important points.
A common mistake made by beginners learning Arabic is reading Arabic words in Russian or Latin spelling (transliteration), while only learning the Arabic alphabet and the pronunciation of each letter guarantees the correct reading and pronunciation of words and phrases. Therefore, it is very important to master the alphabet well at the beginning of your studies.
Arab Culture
In the seventh century A.D., the Meccan merchant Mohammed began preaching a new religion he called Islam. A hundred years later, the new religion, widely supported by the public, spread both peacefully and militarily from the Iberian Peninsula to India, becoming the basis of Arab culture. The Arabic language also made a significant contribution to the latter. In addition, it is possible to trace elements borrowed from assimilated cultures, the bearers of which are mainly nomadic tribes.
Arabic symbols and their meanings are studied primarily from the Qur'an, since this work is central to the entire culture of a number of nations united by a common religion, moral norms and values.
Some General Information About Arabic
The letters of the Arabic alphabet are like hieroglyphs. The script used to create tattoos is that of the Islamic nations, called ALA.
It is considered to be the official literary form, and the Koran is written in it. The form used by the masters of tattooing was formed in the VII century A.D. Thus, the Arabic language is among the youngest in the world.
The Arabs read from right to left. It is related to the Chinese and Japanese languages. The alphabet has 28 letters, of which half are long vowels and the rest are consonants. Short vowels are marked with icons of voicing.
Common phrases for tattoos are based on "Ruk'a" or "Naskh". The structure of the handwriting is extremely important to Arabic writing. As in Japanese, the form of writing is addressed to the sense perception.
Arabic Tattoos - Meaning
Muslim tattoos are divided into signs and written phrases. Common symbols for drawings on the skin are considered a crescent moon, a mosque, a rosary, a sword, the palm of Miriam.
Tattoo inscriptions and their meaning:
- عِش اليوم وإنس الغد - live for today, forget about tomorrow;
- سامحني وحبني دائماً - forgive and love me always;
- جمال - beauty;
- حب - love;
- عائلتي - family;
- اجعل الله اولويتك - God is above all things;
- كننفسك - to be oneself, to remain oneself.
Men prefer to beat the crescent moon with a star, as Muslims consider this symbol as their coat of arms. Supporters of Islam choose symbols that reflect religious values.
The hand of Miriam is among the protective symbols. It is a personification of maternal protection, the patronage of the prophet.* The palm is depicted in the form of a flower, which is filled with patterns.
* In Islamic states the Virgin Mary is venerated as a prophet. Miriam is the Arabic reading of the saint's name.
How Islam treats tattoos
The Islamic community is conservative, their views are close to the worldview of the 19th century. The orthodox Muslims consider the inscriptions on the body to be a sin. Prohibitions are justified by scriptures from the Koran. They say that at the hour of Judgment, Allah will ask for the mutilated body.
The accepted standards of Islam forbid any modification of the body because it is considered an intrusion into God's plan for man. Religious figures actively condemn any skin drawings because they believe they distort human nature. The dogma expresses the idea that "the body is the temple of the soul".
Despite this, Arab tattoos are increasingly appearing on the body of Islamic youth. The harsh prohibitions do not scare young boys and girls to decorate their skin.
Despite this, Arab tattoos are increasingly appearing on the body of Islamic youth. The harsh prohibitions do not scare young boys and girls to decorate their skin.
Muslim bodybuilder from the city of Sydney, covered his body with tattoos to 80%. He became a hero to Islamic youth and a fighter against the old ways. Regarding the attacks from orthodox Muslims, he replies: "Don't dream of seeing yourself change if you don't make it yourself!"
Prohibitions in Arabic Symbolism
In establishing the new religion, the new government faced the problem of ousting the older beliefs from the public consciousness. On the one hand, the problem was idolatry or, scientifically speaking, polytheism - the belief in the existence of multiple gods and the distribution of influence on nature and man among them. Another problem was the eradication of animism, an even more ancient belief based on animal worship.
In order to solve these problems, Islam introduced bans on images of people and animals. In the future, the relevance of these prohibitions was exhausted, and today they are not as strictly observed as before. However, the reasons for their appearance have been reconsidered over time. The generally accepted reason for the prohibition is considered to be the following: by depicting a person or an animal (especially in the form of sculpture), the master defies God, as he manifests himself as the creator of the essence that should carry life.
The complete prohibition against depicting human beings contributed to the development of the famous Arabic calligraphy, which fully reflects the symbols of the Arabic language as well as geometric and vegetal ornaments.
History of the Arabic alphabet and writing
The Arabic alphabet is considered to be one of the oldest in the world and the Middle Eastern region is among the first to produce writing. Arabic lettering has its origins in the system of Nabataean writing (2nd century BC), which, in its turn, derived from Aramaic writing (from the late 8th century BC it was a means of international communication and correspondence in the Middle East as well as the language of diplomatic relations in the Persian Empire), which has its origins in Phoenician writing (15th century BC), which was one of the first systems of phonetic writing in human history.
These types of writing used the consonantal principle, in which only letters indicating consonant sounds were written in words, while the reading of vowel sounds was left to the reader's understanding and knowledge. For educational purposes Arabic words are written with voicings, special signs to represent vowels and some other sounds.
Letters
Perhaps the most important phrase in Islam is the creed in Arabic, a phrase loosely translated into Russian as follows: "There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah. A faithful Muslim pronounces this phrase several times during and outside of prayer every day.
Since depicting humans and animals is forbidden in Islam, calligraphy, i.e., the art of writing, has taken on tremendous significance. Stylized Arabic letters decorate mosques and palaces and traditional calligraphy works are often murals in which the European does not immediately recognize the text.
In the mystical tradition, amongst Sufis, Arabic letters are symbols that have several layers of subtext. They have their own mystical-poetic meaning and are associated with a number of parameters: numbers, day of the week, phase of the moon, color, planet, elements.
Letters of the Arabic alphabet with pronunciation
The Arabic alphabet for beginners may seem complicated, so the right thing to do is to start learning Arabic with the basics - the letters. Below there is a table with Arabic letters, with the name of the letter of the Arabic alphabet in Russian and its transcription, you can also listen and download the correct pronunciation of the letters of the Arabic alphabet in audio mp3 format:
| Letter spelling in Arabic | The name of the letter in Arabic | Sound transcription | Corresponds to the number | Correct pronunciation of the letter in Arabic |
| ا | alif | [ạ] | 1 | |
| ب | ba | 2 | ||
| ت | ta | [t] | 400 | |
| ث | sa | [tẖ] | 500 | |
| ج | jim | [j] | 3 | |
| ح | ha | [ḥ] | 8 | |
| خ | ha | [kẖ] | 600 | |
| د | range | [d] | 4 | |
| ذ | zal | [dẖ] | 700 | |
| ر | ra | [r] | 200 | |
| ز | zine | [z] | 7 | |
| س | syn | [s] | 60 | |
| ش | tire | [sẖ] | 300 | |
| ص | garden | [ṣ] | 90 | |
| ض | dad | [ḍ] | 800 | |
| ط | ta | [ṭ] | 9 | |
| ظ | for | [ẓ] | 900 | |
| ع | ʿine | [ʿ] | 70 | |
| غ | hain | [gẖ] | 1000 | |
| ف | fa | [f] | 80 | |
| ق | cafe | [q] | 100 | |
| ك | kaf | [k] | 20 | |
| ل | lam | [l] | 30 | |
| م | mime | [m] | 40 | |
| ن | noon | [n] | 50 | |
| ه | ha | [h] | 5 | |
| و | wav | [w] | 6 | |
| ي | ya | [y] | 10 |
It is very important for beginners to learn and pronounce Arabic letters correctly, especially when memorizing and reciting the Holy Quran, because the wrong pronunciation of a letter in a word can change the meaning of the ayats of the Quran.
The peculiarity of Arabic writing is that Arabic letters when written in the beginning, middle or end of a word can change their form, leaving only the base of the letter, that's why when memorizing the Arabic alphabet it is necessary to teach the letter in four variations of writing: separately, in the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the word. The following picture of the Arabic alphabet shows the spelling of the letters when placed in different parts of the word.
Ornamentation
Aside from calligraphy, ornamentation is widely used in Arabic artistic culture. One of its varieties is usually a symmetric pattern composed of geometric figures, and the other is stylized images of plants.
The geometric variant is usually used in the exterior decoration of mosques and is an Arabic symbol of greatness, coupled with the exit beyond the boundaries of earthly existence.
The plant ornamentation is more often used in the decoration of not so large-scale objects: clothes, crockery, books. On the contrary, a similar pattern symbolizes the proximity of the earthly.
Geometric Figures
The word "Allah" is written in the form of four vertical strokes, which, when written in the form of a square, came to symbolize the holy house - the Kaaba. The square is generally one of the central figures in Arabic ornamentation. The eight-pointed star, which is the intersection of two squares at an angle of 90 degrees, is also common.
The triangle has the meaning of the "eye of God" and the pentagon symbolizes the five pillars of Islam.
While it may seem impossible for a foreigner to translate the Arabic characters contained in the intertwining patterns, educated Arabs can "read" the ornamentation almost like the pages of a book.
Additional Characters in Writing
Additional symbols can also be found in the Holy Qur'an and in Arabic writing to clarify the sound of a letter.
ــــّـــ The category of additional characters that help clarify the pronunciation of text in writing includes shaddah, also called "tashdid". It is a sign in the shape of the letter W, which is put over an Arabic letter to indicate its doubling. There are two cases in which this sign is used:
- to indicate a doubled consonant;
- to indicate the combination of a consonant and a long vowel which are denoted by the same letter.
~ another sign that is called madda. It is a wavy line which is put over the letter alif, denoting combinations of hamza-hamza or hamza-alif. According to Arabic spelling and orthography, two alifs cannot be written side by side in one word, and if such a combination does occur, then the combination alif-maddah is used. It is used to lengthening the vowel..
Signs are also used such as:
- Vasla - a sign similar to the letter sad (ٱ), which is placed at the beginning of a word above the letter alif - it shows that the letter alif is not pronounced in this case, since the previous word ends in a vowel;
- tanvin, which indicates a case ending with the meaning of indefinite state and is a doubling of one of the three voices at the end of a word, comes in three kinds and reads as "an" (tanvin fatha ـً with two fathas above the letter, e.g: مَدْرَسَةً - madrasatan), "in" (tanvin kiasra ـٍ with two kiasras below the letter, for example: مَدْرَسَةٍ - madrasatin) or "un" (tanvin damma ـٌ with two dammas above the letter, can have spelling in two variations, for example: بَيْتٌ - baitun);
- superscript alif, which is placed above the text and takes the form of the letter alif - it indicates the long "a" sound in words that are not traditionally spelled alif. It is usually found in proper names or in index pronouns. In the texts of the Qur'an, it is also possible to find a superscript alif in places where a regular alif may be used.
You may be interested to read about the recommendations for the study of the Arabic language.
Color Symbolism
Red in Islam is positioned as a sacred and energizing color, associated with strength - both vital and physical. However, there are tacit restrictions on its use: for example, men are forbidden to wear red clothing. The only exception is on holidays, when certain elements of the red color are allowed. It is interesting that there is no direct prohibition on wearing such clothes in the Koran.
In the Arabian culture, the blue and the violet are given a mystic character. They are the colors that accompany a person on his way to God, accompanying acts of contemplation, reminding that all that is earthly is transitory. Light blue and blue are colors that can almost always be seen in the decoration of the dome of a mosque. It is the color of the sky, meant to soothe and evoke confidence in the congregation's choice to serve God.
Gray and brown are considered "bad" colors in Arab culture. They are associated with misfortune, evil, death, destruction, lowliness.
A number of Arabic symbols associated with colors was borrowed from Roman and later European culture. For example, white is the color of purity and green is the color of nature. In addition, green is the color of Islam.
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Men and women
There are significant differences regarding what is allowed and forbidden for men and women in Arab culture.
Men are not allowed to wear gold jewelry or silk clothing. While in the European tradition husbands usually wear gold wedding rings, in the Arab world it is recommended for the stronger sex to use silver ones. Thus, the wearing of gold jewelry and silk is the prerogative and actually a symbol of a woman.
In addition, a woman in Islam is prescribed to wear a hijab, a special headscarf. There is no direct indication in the Koran for the symbolism of this garment, but it is understood to be a symbol of modesty.
Arabic Calligraphy
The art of calligraphy is inseparable from the Arabic alphabet and writing and it has an important place in Arab culture. It is because of the religious prohibition against depicting animate beings and calligraphy was destined to become one of the sacred arts for the Muslims. Arabic calligraphy is subdivided into a number of calligraphic writing styles.
The most ancient amongst the existing styles of calligraphy is the Kufic or Kufic style which owes its name to the city of Kufa.
Another common style in calligraphy is the naskh style, which means "copying" in Arabic.
A number of calligraphic styles were used only for decorative purposes for so-called "calligrams. Calligrams were called artistic works created by calligraphers. Such calligraphic scripts include sulus, the name of which is translated from Arabic as "one third": this style is characterized by wide free strokes.
Figures
Strange as it may seem, the Arabic numerals come from... India. Later they were adapted to be written in arabic, and al-Khwarizmi, one of the greatest scholars in the Arab world, popularized the new writing system and helped spread it to the borders of caliphate at the height of its power.
Later, in a number of newly formed states that separated from the caliphate, numbers began to change and by the 13th century began to resemble those used today in Europe and America. In fact, in European science these numbers were introduced deliberately, and it was not possible to do it from the first time.
This was promoted by the actions of Pope Sylvester II at the turn of the 10th and 11th centuries, as well as by the works of the famous mathematician Fibonacci, published two hundred years later, at the beginning of the 13th century. Today the symbols of Arabic numerals differ in Asian Muslim countries (as well as Egypt) and the rest of the Arab world.
Crescent and star
In the 16th century the strongest state of the Old World and the entire Muslim world was the Ottoman Empire. Previously, after the capture of Constantinople in 1453, the crescent and star were adopted by the Ottomans as a symbol of their own state, and the city, now known as Istanbul, became the capital. When the Empire was at the peak of power, when it could dictate its terms (in politics as well as in religion), the newfound symbol of the state became the symbol of Islam, which it still is.
