Fishbone method (Fishbone): what it is, forms of work in the classroom and examples

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Fish are part of a large class that numbers more than 25,000 species. They live in an aquatic environment, found both in small bodies of water and in the vastness of the ocean. Some prefer fresh water, others, on the contrary, salt water. Despite the visual and behavioral differences between species, the structure of fish is similar in appearance and implies the presence of gills and fins. The area of distribution is wide, found in almost all corners of the planet, where there are conditions for their residence.

Fish have a unique structure

Ishikawa diagram.

Fishbone is based on a schematic diagram in the shape of a fish skeleton. In the world, this diagram is widely known under the name of Ishikawa (Ishikawa), a Japanese professor who invented the method of structural analysis of cause and effect. The Fishbone Diagram is a graphical representation that allows you to visually show the causes of specific events, phenomena, and problems identified in the analysis and the corresponding conclusions or discussion results.

• to organize the work of participants in pairs or groups;
• to develop critical thinking;
• visualize the relationship between cause and effect;
• rank the factors according to their importance.

With the help of the scheme it is possible to find a solution to any complex situation under consideration, with new ideas arising each time. Its use during Brainstorming will be effective.

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On what part of the body and in what style to get a tattoo?

The skeleton of a fish is most often found among men's tattoos. Aggressive, made in black color tattoos are well suited for application on the hands, emphasizing the strength and masculinity of its owner. Large tattoo looks good on the shoulders, they can depict small expressive details, as well as perform a drawing in color. Less often you can see a tattoo on the back, however, and this option is not an exception. A small tattoo will look good on the ankle or wrist.

To date, when the meaning of the tattoo depends only on its owner, the main criterion must be the style, because it will help to make the meaning of the sketch, add character and symbolism. Fish skeletons tattoos look good in the style of dotwork. It can also be a magical Polynesian fish skeleton, or an abstract, with elements of thrash polka, which will not only emphasize aggression, but also add color to the tattoo. You can choose a painstakingly realistic style of fish skeleton that will furrow your skin space, serving as a talisman and protector.

If you want to stand out from the crowd, then you can safely choose a tattoo sketch with the image of a fish skeleton, this option will be appreciated by others. Also the image of a skeleton can choose those who are serious about life and their way of life, thinking about the future and reflecting on the past.

Making the scheme Fishbone

A Fishbone diagram can be made in advance. With the use of technical means it can be made in color. If they are unavailable, a regular piece of wattman or the teacher's everyday tool, colored chalk, is used.

Depending on the age group of students and the teacher's desire and imagination, the scheme may have a horizontal or vertical form. The essence of the Fishbone technique does not change the shape of the scheme, so it does not really matter. For the younger school age, a more natural form of fishbowl will do - horizontal. Upon completion of its filling together with the guys, you can depict the figure along the skeleton and make a wish that the goldfish and in the future helped to solve any problem in life.

Click to enlarge

The scheme includes the main four blocks, represented in the form of the head, tail, upper and lower bones. The connecting link is the main bone or backbone of the fish.

• Head - a problem, a question or a subject to be analyzed.
• Upper bones (located to the right in the vertical form of the scheme or at an angle of 45 degrees from the top in the horizontal form) - they record the main concepts of the topic, the causes that led to the problem.
• Bottom bones (depicted opposite) - facts that confirm the presence of the formulated reasons, or the essence of the concepts indicated in the scheme.
• The tail - the answer to the question posed, conclusions, generalizations.

The Fishbone technique involves ranking the concepts, so the most important ones to solve the main problem are placed closer to the head. All entries should be brief, precise, concise and show only the essence of the concepts.

Tattoo of a fish skeleton image meaning

For many, the decision to put a tattoo on their body is extremely difficult. It requires a person to be firm in his or her views. After all, the choice of a specific plot is of great importance. For example, the relative popularity of the fish skeleton tattoo value of this image we will consider in detail in this article.

By the way, the "deciphering" of such a drawing largely depends on the peculiarities of culture, traditions of a particular nation. However, this statement is typical for any tattoos, regardless of what is depicted on them.

Using the Fishbone Method in the Classroom

The Fishbone scheme can be used as a single applied method for analyzing any situation, or as a strategy for an entire lesson. The most effective is to apply it during the lesson of generalization and systematization of knowledge, when the material on the topic has already been covered and it is necessary to bring all the studied concepts into a coherent system that provides the disclosure and assimilation of connections and relations between its elements.

Thus, students are offered information (text, video film) of problematic content and Fishbone scheme to systematize this material. The work on completing the scheme can be done in individual or group form. An important stage in the application of the Fishbone technique is the presentation of the results of the completion. It should confirm the complex nature of the problem in the interconnectedness of all its causes and effects. Sometimes in completing the scheme, students find that there are more reasons for the problem being discussed than there are arguments to support it. This results from the fact that in life there are always more assumptions than supporting facts. Therefore, some of the lower bones may remain blank. Further on in the course of the lesson the teacher independently determines the actions - he/she suggests either to continue investigating the problem or to try to determine a solution to it.

Having mastered the Fishbone technique, the teacher can successfully apply it to any lesson. It is most popular among teachers of philology or history. The Fishbone phase of the lesson takes on an exploratory character.

The meaning of a tattoo for men

Men often choose the image of a fish skeleton as a tattoo. If you look at the images of death in the Tarot cards, you can see that it symbolizes the transformation of life the field of death. This approach can also be applied to the design of the sketch, which will be positive despite the seemingly gloomy connotation of fish skeleton tattoos. If we look at the historical roots, in a sense they are symbols of health, prosperity and protection, because in the past the most commonly used materials for jewelry were exactly fish bones. The most common symbol of the fishbone was the fishbone in the Middle Ages, but there were times when it was believed that a person who had tattoos like that was doomed to be unhappy in love affairs and to suffer incessant setbacks in the field. But men rarely believe in superstition, so a tattoo depicting a fish skeleton is given quite a lot of attention. In some parts of the world, such a drawing symbolizes masculinity.

For people who are constantly on the move, in distant wanderings, such a tattoo with a skeleton of a fish can be associated with the search for the right path and himself. From a creative point of view, this image can be identified as a search for the muse and his destiny.

The symbolism of fish in different cultures.

• Since ancient times, the fish has been given special significance as the guardian of the underworld, which holds the earth. In another version of the legend, it is the fish, bringing the silt for construction from the bottom of the world ocean, creates the earth's solid.
• In pre-Christian Akkadian mythology, the fish is a constant attribute of the goddess Astarte, the patroness of carnal love and war.
• According to the Buddhist worldview, the fish symbolizes service to the great teacher, the Buddha himself, for the sake of whom earthly attachments and petty human passions are rejected.
• In traditional Chinese beliefs, this aquatic spirit signifies prosperity and material well-being (the symbol for fish, "yuy", translates as "abundance"), as well as conjugal love and stable marital union.
• In early Christian teaching, the sign of the fish was interpreted as the monogram of Jesus Christ.

Peculiarities of the external and internal structure

The vital activity of the fish is provided by the work of not only internal, but also external organs. Before we start talking about digestion, reproduction, oxygen production, it is necessary to study the external structure and understand what they need fins, scales and lateral line for.

The external structure of fish

All fish have three main parts in their body anatomy: the head, the torso, and the tail. They are broken down into smaller components. Thus, the head includes:

• The snout (from the tip of the nose to the front edge of the eyes);
• Forehead (between the eyes);
• Cheeks (from the eye to the back of the gill cover);
• Throat (between the gill flaps and pectoral fins);
• Chin (from the edge of the lower jaw to the base of the gill membranes);
• Intergill bridge (forms the gill cavities);

After the gill cover begins the torso with dorsal, pectoral, pelvic and anal fins. The caudal part may start from the anal fin or orifice.

An important role is played by the proportions. The variety of fish body shapes arose from the peculiarities of the environment and way of life.

An example of asymmetrical shape: flounder

Skin

Fish skin consists of two layers. The upper - the epidermis - is a tissue with glands that secrete a mucous secretion. It protects the covering of the animal and reduces fluid resistance. The lower one - the dermis - contains blood vessels, nerves and pigment cells.

The skin of the fish is protected by thin bony scales. This hard cover is formed by dense longitudinal or transverse rows. The plates overlap to form an even denser layer.

The color of the scales may vary. Bright colors warn enemies of danger (e.g., the presence of poison in the fish), camouflage among corals and algae. Scales of natural, or even "camouflage" coloration shelter in freshwater vegetation and muddy water.

Structure of fins and their functions

At the base of the swimming "limbs" of fish are strong bony radials. They are connected by dermal-epidermal tissue, thanks to which the fins perform the function of balance and control.

Symmetrically located on their sides, the paired organs of movement of fish - ventral and pectoral - primarily help to turn and stay in a straight position when standing still. The unpaired fins, namely the dorsal and anal fins, stabilize the body and prevent it from turning around its axis. Most species have two dorsal fins. The main organ of movement - pushing - is the tail and its stalk.

In modern fish fins can play a different role in life. For example, in male viviparous species the anal fin has evolved into a reproductive organ. Other fish due to the powerful pectoral fins are able to jump out of the water or rely on them when traversing a hard surface.

This is interesting: Several species have no fins because they spend most of their time buried in the ground.

Lateral line.

From the head of the fish to the base of the caudal fin is located a special sensory organ. Subcutaneous duct, formed by epithelium and nerve endings, can perceive the lightest vibrations. His receptors, or neuromasts have hair cells, and the hairs themselves, no larger than 0.2 mm, hidden in the pupules - thick jelly-like caps.

Internal structure of fish

The internal systems of fish are not as complex as, for example, in most mammals. That said, they have unique organs such as swim bladder and gills. All of these are attached to the fish's body with musculature and a strong skeleton, which also cannot be bypassed when studying them.

Skeleton

The well-developed musculature of fish is held together by a skeleton. Its peculiarities allowed scientists to distinguish three large groups:

• Roundwings. They have a serpentine naked body, a cartilaginous skeleton and a skull without jaws. Because of the minimal resemblance with other representatives, some researchers do not classify roundbreeds as fish at all. These include lampreys and hagfish.
• Cartilaginous. Fish skeleton consists of elastic dense connective tissue. This group is one of the oldest. It now includes sharks and rays.
• Bony. Almost all fish belong to this group.

The fish skeleton is divided into three parts. The axial one includes the spine, which consists of the trunk and tail vertebrae, to which the ribs are attached. The head part is the skull, formed by the box, jaws, gill lids, and arches. The cartilaginous or bony is the base for all types of fins.

Musculature

The muscle system is divided into smooth and transverse striated tissues. The former form the internal organs in fish, such as the stomach, intestines, vessels, and so on. Smooth muscles are able to contract, thus changing the size of organs. Spindle-shaped cells contain myofibrils - protein threads that give the muscle mobility. Transverse striated muscles, regulated by the nervous system, set in motion the fins, head and torso, with the lateral muscle - the largest in the body of fish.

This is interesting: Each species has a different coloration of muscle. Trout are known for their pink tissue, sockeye are bright red, walleye are pale, and pike are gray.

Swim bladder

To dive and rise to the surface, the fish helps air sac filled with nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Fish itself changes the volume, thereby controlling the position: the smaller the bubble - the deeper it sinks, and vice versa.

Body cavity

The internal organs of the animal are located in a special cavity under the spine. They form the main systems involved in the life of fish, their reproduction.

Organ systems

The main issues of life in the fish body are handled by six systems: digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory, nervous, sexual, as well as sensory organs, each of which has its own characteristics.

Digestive

Has an elementary structure. Fish do not have a tongue, but have carving devices. Thus, predators have large teeth in several rows, and herbivorous species - small but sharp jagged teeth. The jaw is not adapted to chewing, so food passes through the esophagus into the stomach unprocessed. It dissolves quickly in the acid, and the un-chewed particles enter the small intestine, where they disappear under the influence of bile. The intestinal mucosa absorbs the beneficial trace elements, and the rest is excreted through the hindgut and orifice.

Respiratory

Fish extract oxygen from the water using their gills. Fluid enters through the mouth into the gill cavity and petals equipped with capillaries - through which oxygen is sucked into the body. The residue returns to the body of water through the gill slits, protected by plates.

Some species have acquired auxiliary organs. Thus, some get oxygen through the skin or labyrinth - plates in the supragingival area.

This is interesting: Once out of water, fish begin to consume oxygen from the bladder.

Circulatory

Underwater dwellers have a simplified, closed circulatory system in one circle. The heart is small, two-chambered. From his ventricle through the aorta into the artery receives venous blood, which the muscle is driven to the gills. Here, when breathing, it turns into arterial blood and enters the dorsal aorta, further spreading throughout the body of the fish. In addition to oxygen, blood carries nutrients to organs and tissues and takes away products of metabolic waste.

Excretory

Along the spine in the lower part of the body are the main filters - a pair of oval kidneys. Thanks to them, toxins are removed from the fish in the form of urine. From the kidneys, the waste fluid enters the bladder through the ureters and then leaves the body through the orifice. Another part of the products, more poisonous, exit through the gill lobes.

Nervous and sensory organs

The canal of the central nervous system runs along the body of the fish and includes the spinal cord and the brain. Nerve nodes emanating from them regulate the work of organs, glands and vessels.

The brain of an underwater animal is divided into five divisions:

• Anterior. Responsible for olfaction and communication with congeners.
• Intermediate. Reacts to external influences and sends signals to the right parts of the brain.
• Intermediate. Associated with the visual capacity.
• Oblong. Gives the ability to hear and touch.
• Cerebellum. Responsible for coordination.

Fish interacts with the external environment with the help of their main senses:

• Taste buds. Located in the oral cavity, as well as in the head, fins, and occasionally on the body itself. This feature is aimed at successful prey.
• Eyes. Since the eyeball consists of a rounded lens and a flat cornea, the fish see other organisms and objects only at a distance of about 10 meters. However, the eyes can adjust to changes in the environment thanks to the rods and cones.
• Hearing organs. Most species possess only an inner ear, a pouch with several semicircular canals. Some species have a membranous labyrinth to pick up sounds over long distances.

Sexual

Female sexless species have ovaries with eggs, which are fertilized either inside her body or already in the water. The spermatozoa of males are stored in their paired colostrums, or testes, and are excreted through the anus or a special channel called the gonopodium. Among fish there is the phenomenon of hermaphroditism, when one individual has two sex systems, alternating in their functions.